Analyse The Teachings Of Islam - 2020 Words

Analyse the teachings of Islam as they apply to TWO specific areas of Bioethics. The Islamic view of life is based upon the notion that faith provides the sanctity of life. The Qur’an states; â€Å"Whosoever has spared the life of a soul, it is as though he has spared the life of all people. Whosoever has killed a soul, it is as though he has murdered all of mankind.† - Qur an 5:32 The religion of Islam is founded upon the core principle that the acceptance and realisation of God’s divine determination is revealed through one’s degree of submission. Muslims themselves will always try to find the best way to follow and respond to God’s will, which more often than not takes them into the domain of ethical issues and decisions. God’s word and teachings are found in the Islamic sacred text of the Qur’ran. Considering that the Qu’ran is over thirteen hundred years, this creates an obstacle for Muslims to follow God’s will, as many of the contemporary issues regarding bioethics were not addressed in the period of which the Qur’an was written The religion of Islam is an all encompassing religion with a comprehensive law that provides guidance in all key aspects of life. This law is known as Shariah Law. Shariah contains both legal rules and ethical principles. Shariah is summed up under four broad categories: Aqidah - Creed Ibadah - Religious Worship and Practices Akhlaq - Morality and Ethics Muamalah - Social Relations Human freedoms in the religion of Islam are not absolute andShow MoreRelatedThe Lives Of Muhammad By Kecia Ali875 Words   |  4 Pagesanti-Muslims and Muslims alike. On the contrary, she analyses both factions of the narrations and tells the story of Muhammad in a new light. The focus of this paper, therefore, is to look at the analysis of the book by Kecia Ali. 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By this Muslims are able to becomeRead More Hughes Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate1170 Words   |  5 PagesHughes Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate In the Hughes’ text, Women in World History: Volume 1, the chapter on Middle Eastern women focuses on how Islam affected their lives. Almost immediately, the authors wisely observe that â€Å"Muslim women’s rights have varied significantly with time, by region, and by class† (152). They continue with the warning that â€Å"there is far too much diversity to be adequately described in a few pages.† However, I argue that thereRead MoreSpecific Aim 3 : Distribute And Collect The Questionnaire1232 Words   |  5 Pagescollect the questionnaires that have been distributed to the MPharm students at the Ulster University. Specific Aim 4: Analyse the results of the questionnaire Background Data analysis is the procedure of summarising the data to create important approximations based on the study title, including the statistical tests that will be done to analyse the data. In addition, the analysis will differ depending on the type of questions included in the questionnaire, such as open-ended questionsRead MoreIslam Five Pillars1344 Words   |  6 PagesExplain and analyse the significance of the Five Pillars of Islam on the individual and the community making reference to the principal beliefs where relevant. Central to the Muslim belief is the importance of devotion and total submission to Allah. This is put into practice through the Five Pillars of Islam –the five obligatory duties that must be performed by all practising Muslims. These are the acts of faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Carrying out these duties creates structureRead MoreAisha Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesPART B Analyse the impact of Aisha bint Abu Bakr on the development and expression of Islam. Aisha bint Abu Bakr was a leader, a woman, a wife, a theologian, a scholar and a political activist. She was precocious, loyal, brave and remarkably intelligent. These aspects of her humble life have allowed her to make a powerful impact on the development and expression of Islam that â€Å"no woman [has] reached†[1]. Not only did she influence the position of women in Islamic society, Islamic ethics,Read MoreInner Peace- religion952 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Analyse how the individual is guided towards acheiving inner peace in TWO religious traditions. (18/20)Inner peace is defined as an internal quality of calmness and security which puts the mind at ease and fills the adherent with a sense of tranquility and assurance. For adherents to Christianity and Islam, inner peace is an inevitable and hugely rewarding consequence of genuine faith. It is developed rather than striven for, through a unique combination of personal, communal, scriptural and doctrinalRead MoreEvol ution of Abrahamic Religions 1022 Words   |  5 Pagesreligions that span many people groups and ethnicities can trace the roots of their beliefs back to Abraham. Three main religions sprouted from Abrahamic traditions, this paper will discuss the origins and the evolution of these three and will also analyse the reasons these three religions split. The origins of all abrahamic religions trace their roots back to abraham. Abraham is believed to have lived around 2000 BCE as written in Genesis, the first book of the bible and the torah. Abraham is believedRead MoreCritique Of The s And Mahmood s Influential Ethnographies, A Great Deal Of Attention1431 Words   |  6 Pageshas been afforded to Islamic Revivalism and in particular, there has been an intense focus on ethical self-cultivation and the achievement of piety. As a response to this, there have been calls for a shift in analytical attention towards ‘everyday’ Islam. These works have tried to show how ethics are an intrinsic part of everyday life and do not necessarily depend upon religious frameworks. However, this turn towards â€Å"the everyday† has been subject to fierce criticism, notably from Fadil and FernandoRead MoreAnalysis and Discussion of Surah 801623 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussion about Islam with pagan the Quraish leaders, who controlle d the city. The leaders have been described as dismissive of the Prophet’s claims, which often resulted in disputes and violence against his followers and him. It is significant that this surah refers to the Prophet talking to Quraish leaders because they were not known to ever listen to the Prophet or to attempt to understand his revelations. During this period, the Prophet was actively trying to spread the word of Islam and gain followers

Effects of Corruption in the Military Free Essays

It is surprising to hear from the news nowadays that the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) tops the list of the country’s most corrupt organizations. It seems like gone were the days when the Philippine National Police (PNP) hugs the limelight as the most rotten egg on the lot. With the current controversy hugging the country’s Armed Forces, the amount that the PNP’s Euro Generals took with them in their travels looked like some loose change as compared to those amassed by the AFP comptrollers and former chiefs of staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Corruption in the Military or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even the Bureau of Internal Revenue and the Bureau of Customs, whose names used to be synonymous to graft and corruption, seemed to have faded in the background to give way to the AFP’s moment. They are talking about hundreds of millions here, and that is not yet the total amount. More names have yet to be named. More funds have yet to be accounted for. And as the author says, it is alarming that the people just don’t seem to care. But how and why would they? Is corruption a new issue in this country? Is this the first time a government agency got involved in a corruption issue? Former Presidents Marcos, Aquino, Ramos and Erap had had their times under the limelight. Even those presidents before them were, and people were so affected back then, thus the birth of EDSA 1, 2 and 3 and the numerous rallies and coup attempts in the past. Then GMA entered the scene and brought with her the Hello Garci scandal, the fertilizer scam, the ZTE Fiasco. The list went on and on. And nothing was resolved, and the former economist for a president was not charged with anything, and she went on to serve (if that’s a fitting term) for a full, long nine years. Now is it a wonder if people just don’t give a damn? If they just choose to go on with their own lives and continue earning a living amidst the drama of Reyes’ suicide and all the brouhaha of the senate hearing? It is probably because they have already got used to the idea that corruption happens in this country as often as a child is being born every three minutes in the world. And despite the numerous hearings in the senate, nothing had been resolved so far. People are fed up with the regular news on how taxpayers’ money got squandered by those in the government. Protests in EDSA, at one time, became a fad. Now it seemed to have lost its symbols too. Graft and corruption became a daily staple for the Filipino people, thanks to the media that focuses on whatever’s big for the day. Reports and investigations go on for a few days, until another issue overshadows it and pushes it under the rug. As such, corruption in the military is not a surprise for the Filipinos, but just an addition to the pile of dirt being hurled around every now and then. Unlike the rest of the country, however, the controversy surrounding the AFP saddens me. I had always been fascinated with the men in uniform. I wanted to join them, but my height didn’t permit me to. I even wanted to marry a soldier, (well, I got a chance, but it just didn’t work out). Seeing the organization I so admired all these years being torn to pieces by media whores and grandstanding hungry politicians makes me cringe. It is because having worked close to these people made me understand their plights, their hardships, their devotions, and their professionalism (or at least those that I worked closely with). But the reports of corruption in the military should not be downplayed either, nor should it be buried together with former Chief of Staff and DND Secretary Angelo Reyes, who killed himself following the bullying of two senators; an underclass and a son of a former president whom he chose to betray on the so-called EDSA 2. Corruption in the AFP should not be a sympathy case now that a body lies cold and lifeless inside a coffin. (Considering the forgiving attitude of the Filipino people, this is not far from happening). It should not spare the grieving wife too, considering how she enjoys living in a lavish house which construction expenses came, as the allegations say, from the AFP funds, which could have been used instead to increase the foot soldiers’ hazard pays. The issue should be given a close scrutiny, an investigation that is unbiased, objective, fair, and as much as possible, far from the public’s eyes. Some people argue that Reyes has yet to be convicted at the time of his death, and thus, should not be labeled a criminal but instead a hero considering what he did for the country during in his lifetime. But as the saying goes, a thousand good deeds can be overshadowed by a single evil act. And there’s no smoke if there’s no fire. There are material proofs that exist, which, however I try to think of other possibilities on how they acquired those; I really could not find an answer. An OFW’s salary is way higher than that of a general, yet very few could afford to send their wives to travel abroad, so how could Mrs. Reyes get to the US and back several times in a month and even accompanied by a comptroller’s wife and other friends? How could she afford to shop for properties in America with merely 40 or 50 thousand pesos a month and some allowances as her husband’s take home pay? Or is it the allowance that matters more and not the salary? But uncovering the truth behind these things is out of my business and is beyond my capability. I am but a mere spectator to this drama that profit-oriented TV stations shove in me. But this does not mean that I could not feel the demoralizations of the lower ranking enlisted personnel in the fields. Because there they are, patrolling the fields in search of the enemies on foot with heavy backpacks containing the provisions for the mission on their backs, or at the sea patrolling the waters in pitch darkness aboard an outdated craft, or flying in planes dubbed as â€Å"widow makers. † The hundreds of millions in pesos told to have been amassed by these generals could have improved the provisions for the soldiers on patrol, or could have bought the Navy a decent sea vessel, or could have been used to buy a new aircraft instead of the usual junks from the US that the Air Force usually acquire. They have the lack of funds as the usual excuse. Sad indeed. Prior to killing himself, Reyes said that he did not invent corruption; that he just walked into it. What a statement from a supposedly intellectual man! Even an elementary student would shake its head and say, â€Å"how come he did not do anything to change it when he got the power and the capabilities to do so? † But it is too late to ask him for he’s already dead. But Reyes’ death did not solve anything (unless all of his colleagues and counterparts would follow suit). It only made the people forget for a while. After all the ceremonies at the wake, the tears that were shed, and all the intricacies of his burial, the issue still emains unsolved; the soldiers in the field are still struggling, the AFP’s equipment and facilities are still dilapidated. And Reyes’ family, and that of Ligot’s, and of Garcia’s, and all the comptrollers, budget officers, generals and chiefs of staff involved in the corruption, still live lavish ly and comfortably inside their posh homes and mansions, here and overseas. And Reyes was buried at the Libingan ng Mga Bayani. Such a farce, a big farce. Although I am not a fan of the current president, I am keeping my hopes high in his fight against corruption. I wish, I ardently do, that he would be able to curb corruptions in the AFP. If that would happen, he would reignite the fire of devotion in the lower-ranking soldiers’ hearts, as well as those whose idealism did not die as they reached the mainstream. But until the day comes that the AFP could punish those that trampled its name, it will remain the way it is today, an organization looking so stiff and brave at the outside, but is actually crumbling inside caused by relentless gnawing by the greedy and gluttonous few. In the end, it is the nation that is at the losing end. How to cite Effects of Corruption in the Military, Papers

Discussion on Cancer in Indigenous Australians- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDiscussion on Cancer in Indigenous Australians. Answer: Introduction According to experts, the age group in which the highest number of cancer cases have been identified are higher among the indigenous Australians as compared to the non-indigenous ones. The incidence rate is considered to be high since the risk factors like amount of alcohol, smoking and other infections are higher in these regions (AIHW, Cancer Australia). Further, cancer screening among these regions are much lower as compared to other regions where non-indigenous citizens reside. Along with this, it can be noted that the number of mortality rates are much higher since the health care services in these areas regions are extremely low as compared to other developed cities. Apart from this, it was also accounted that the national data available to note the number of cancer cases in indigenous regions was not available. A significant insufficiency of data and its analysis team was also recorded. However, in accordance with the data collected during the years 2008 to 2012, around 5,946 new cases of cancer were recorded in Indigenous Australians, of which 2,899 were males and 3,047 were females. These regions include Northern Territory, Victoria, Queensland, South Wales and the Western part of Australia. The frequency of the incidence rate was 484 cases for 100,000 indigenous Australians (Cancer Australia, 2017). The cancer types that are identified to be the most frequent are Lung cancer, Uterine cancer and Liver cancer. The below illustration gives a brief overview of the cancer cases in the five regions as specified in the above paragraphs. Source: Cancer Australia, 2017 Media Item 1: https://cancerforum.org.au/forum/2013/march/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians-and-cancer/ Title: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and Cancer Publication: Cancer Forum Authors: Condon et. al., 2013 Summary: This Media item sheds light on the status of Indigenous individuals when it comes to the number of cancer cases and amount of deaths that are caused by the inadequate health services. It also focuses on the need for improved health care services along with direct efforts. The document also proposes the cause of cancer among indigenous individuals today and stresses on the fact that the number of survivors among non-indigenous groups are much higher as compared to the indigenous groups. Furthermore, it can be noted that the document provides information how the palliative care services that are offered to indigenous groups are very low. However, it highlights the fact that the Australian government is now taking a high number of steps to encounter indigenous cancer cases that are on a rise in the country today. Lastly, the media link has been able to identify a serious gap in the whole diagnosis, provision of timely treatment and the survival models/programs that have been formed and launched by the government. Had the administration taken enough measures from the beginning, the authors state that the situation could have been much better as compared to today. Link to Unit Objectives: The link assists largely in understanding the health perspectives, issues and resolutions that are being witnessed among the Indigenous groups of the country. The research assists in getting a clearer understanding of Module 1 Topic 1 that lays focus on the ill health of indigenous individuals in certain parts of the country. The topic explains the influence of the decision-making powers and the government in general in the ill health of indigenous individuals until now. It addresses the need for the government to take appropriate measures to resolve the problems that are being faced by the people even today. The document also intakes the need for providing palliative care services that are acceptable in accordance with the cultural aspects of the indigenous groups under question. Contribution to the Topic: The media link has contributed largely to the topic as it highlights the statistics involved, the problems that cause the problem of cancer among indigenous groups and the measures that are being taken by the government. Through the research that was carried out by the authors of the paper, it was realized that the government has taken very minimal measures until now and there is a dire need to focus on enlightening the people and offering serious health care services to the indigenous groups. Since there is an absence of suitable detection measures to encounter cancer, the screening processes should be tightened and the people should be educated about the need for improving their health conditions. Personal Reflection: This academic journal was a great read as it produced an excellent insight into the whole problem of growing number of cancer cases among the indigenous groups in the five primary regions of Australia. Though the country has been termed as that of a developed one, it has not been able to take care of the basic health care services that are required by certain important sections of the society. The government needs to focus on improving the screening processes and providing palliative care that is culturally approved by the groups. However, the authors could have also discussed the varied factors that have restricted the indigenous people from taking treatment up until now. If the authors would have highlighted these factors, the research could have assisted the government in further improving the overall structure of the policies and programs that they have launched to help the indigenous groups today. Media Item 2: https://www.doctorportal.com.au/mjainsight/2016/45/lifestyle-cancers-in-indigenous-australians-on-the-rise/ Title: Lifestyle Cancers in Indigenous Australians on the Rise. Publication: MJA Insight Authors: Mackee, 2016 Summary: Mackee, 2016 has discussed the taken a brand-new approach to foresee the reasons for the growing number of cancer cases in Australia and its indigenous population. The author has laid the blame on the problems in the lifestyle of indigenous people. Earlier, the increase in cancer cases due to lifestyle issues were more prominent among the non-indigenous groups; however, in accordance with the statistics that Mackee was able to collect, the theory has taken a new shape recently. The author also mentions the statistics and their comparisons that have been done to derive the conclusion of lifestyle causing cancer problems among indigenous people today. A record of 84% higher number of lung cancer were registered among indigenous. Certain other statistics include a higher incidence of cancer of head and neck, liver and cervical to be that of 325%, 366% and 120% respectively. Based on the comparisons made during 5 years, Mackee also concluded that the survival ration has been pretty low a mong indigenous people. The author has not just highlighted statistics, but has also added links to the strategies that can be adopted to reduce the number of cases. A startling fact was the increase in infant mortality rates due to cancer. Towards the end, Mackee has written about the need to provide better health care services to enable indigenous people to live in peace and with a head held higher. Link to Unit Objectives: The article can be linked to Module 3 Topic 1 firstly. Since the topic features the lifestyle and culture of the indigenous people and how it is leading to cancerous situations, it can be linked to that particular module. Secondly, Module 2 Topic 1 can also be related to the subject, as the media discussion under this section focuses on how the absence of appropriate health care services have been affecting the indigenous people in Australia today. The resources are scarce as compared to the ones that are available for non-indigenous people in the country. Module 1 Topic 1 also fits in this criterion of achievement of unit objectives as talking about the health of indigenous people and their problems has been clearly discussed. Contribution to the Topic: The article has contributed in understanding one of the primary causes of cancer in the indigenous people. The link has been able to provide some startling facts and statistics recorded in 2016 about the types of cancers that are prevalent due to the problems in the lifestyle of the people today. It has also made a contribution by providing an insight into the strategies that can be used by government and people to alter their conditions and lifestyles to make their place a better place to live in. The articles contribution is also noteworthy as there is a highlight on the other health factors that are a cause of worry for the people in the indigenous regions in the country today. Alcohol and tobacco has been termed as the primary cause of growing cancer numbers in the country. Personal Reflection: The article had helped in getting a closer look at the situation of cancer among the indigenous people from the point of the view of the latest statistics. It was an informative experience to know about the causes that can cause cancer among all types of people and how it can be reduced if the right amount of awareness is spread among the people. I was glad to be able to get hold of this article on the web. It gave way to certain other links that suggested the strategies that could be adopted by the government and the people individually to prevent cancer, reduce mortalities and detect the conditions in time for people to get the right treatment. Media Item 3: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-22/the-unspoken-illness-cancer-in-aboriginal-communities/8373816 Title: The Unspoken Illness: Cancer in Aboriginal Communities. Publication: ABC News Authors: Miller, 2017 Summary: The report that was published by Miller this year on ABC News is among the most interesting ones that has been identified until now. Miller can be seen to have taken a lot of effort to collect interviews of indigenous people who had been facing the problem of cancer since past few years. Miller has pointed out the thought process of people relative to shame, fear and stigma that has become a hindrance for the people to admit to the symptoms and get enough medical care to get treated in time. The writer has certainly highlighted an important factor that the people are less likely to get a diagnosis from a medical practitioner and more likely to die of the disease that they are suffering from. It was noted during research that the indigenous people are highly scared and fear cancer. Hence, Miller went out of the way to interview some people who were suffering from cancer and intake their views on getting treatment and break the taboos that they have to live with each day. The case of one of the individuals was very disturbing where he accepted that he did not go to the doctor for nearly a year after getting the diagnosis. The individual named Rodney Graham was required to travel for at least 700 kilometers from his hometown to get the operation done. Rodney has now taken the initiative to convince others to take the treatment. This factor is indeed a positive step in the direction of the uplift of the people. However, the indigenous community needs more Rodney to be able to encounter the problem in a significant manner. Link to Unit Objectives: This source can be linked to the objective of Module 3 topics that discuss the influence of culture and thought processes of people in the indigenous community and how these factors are leading to increased number of health problems. The findings can also be seen to have a relationship with Topic 2 of the module which discusses the need for creating a working partnership among different communities for them to support each other and strengthening the overall society as a whole, from diverse perspectives. Contribution to the Topic: The media article was chosen as it formed a direct link to the topic that was chosen for this paper. It was able to get a direct comment from the indigenous people who were survivors, are struggling even now and from the family members of individuals who died from cancer. The media article has been able to justify the culture of the indigenous people and their though process directly from themselves. The article has also been an excellent reference to understand the practices that can actually work to lift the people out of the mess of cancer that they are getting deeper into. Miller points out that the people themselves need to support each other and spread awareness before the government can do the same. Interviews of certain individuals made it extremely clear that the people needed to get out of their fear, accept the problem and go out of the way to survive. It was also found that appropriate health care institutions are placed far away from the locations of indigenous people an d hence there is a direct need to reduce the distance by the government. The closer the doctors are, the higher would be the confidence of the people to reach them. Personal Reflection: Millers article brought me closer to the problems that the indigenous Australians are facing today. Since I was able to read the words of the people myself and see the pictures to understand their feelings up close, I was able to get closer to the culture and the thoughts of the people. However, it would have been a better experience, if Miller would have been able to cover the complete experience of one individual and document it for other people suffering in these regions to learn from. I am sure that real life stories of survivors would encourage people to stand up for their rights and get treatment in the nearest facilities. Once the government is able to get a little more confidence that the people have overcome their fears and are more open to treatment, it might make stronger programs to come closer to the indigenous groups and help them grow considerably. Media Item 4: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2016/04/11/indigenous-cancer-stats-worse-thought Title: Indigenous Cancer Stats Worse Than Thought Publication: SBS News Author: AAP, 2016 Summary: To summarize the media link that was identified under the SBS News official website, it was important to recall the statistics that were identified earlier in the paper. According to statistics suggested earlier, the amount of gap among the number of cancer patients that were recorded for indigenous groups and non-indigenous groups had reduced largely over the past few years. However, it was also learnt that there were many cases that did not come to light among the indigenous people. The article published by SBS News, clearly states that the number of individuals dying from cancer among the indigenous groups was eight times higher than those among the non-indigenous groups. The author has stated that the disparity is extremely high as compared to the earlier records of two times higher number of deaths in these regions. The article also points out that there was a large lack of resources in the current health care system to judge the right statistics and provide accurate information about cancer among the people. Among other findings, the high frequency of smoking was regarded as the primary cause of so many cancer instances and patients in the indigenous groups. Hence, the need for educating the people has also been attained by researchers who sympathize with indigenous people due to lack of awareness about products that they are using on a daily basis. An approach has also been suggested to make it easier to understand the largest number of people in Australia who actually need support to fight cancer and survive in the early stages of diagnosis, while they still can. Link to Models: The article can be related to a number of models that were discussed in this Unit. Module 2 Topic 1 is among the first with which it can be related to. The topic discusses the health problems that are faced by individuals who inhabited a country during the colonization periods. The indigenous or the aboriginal individuals who are facing the health issues are discussed in this article. The article also relates to many other topics that were discussed in the unit and helps in understanding with real life examples on the lack of basic health care being provided by the government to the indigenous people in the country. Contribution to the Topic: This article published by the SBS News has helped in bringing more focus on the number of deaths that are recorded due to cancer in the indigenous groups. It also talks about the absence of proper health care that can save the lives of indigenous people. It provides more focus on the resources to judge the real condition of the people in these regions. Personal Reflection: Since the article was recently published, I was able to confirm my conclusions on the absence of basic care of health services being provided to indigenous or aboriginals in Australia. Through the article, the increasing number of deaths were confirmed as well. The vitality of the situation is pretty clear and hence, the desperation of closing the increasing gap has become even more stressful. The journey of the indigenous people needs to be respected in a far more greater manner in comparison to that of the non-indigenous individuals. It is estimated that the research paper that I have compiled would be able to assist the government in identifying the right approaches that must be taken to protect the people from cancer along with the other health issues that are prominent. Conclusion To conclude the research, the media links shed immense light on the situation of the aboriginals and indigenous groups in Australia today. The country has witnessed a number of cancer cases in the past. In comparison to the treatment and health care made available for non-indigenous groups in the country, the indigenous people are far lacking behind. It was noted that the culture, the lifestyle and the absence of adequate health care services with respect to treatment and awareness were very scarce. Many cancer survivors have highlighted that they traveled a large amount of distance to get the basic care. It was also seen that the government has not been able to take the right number of steps or initiated programs that could help these individuals largely. Lastly, the number of deaths are also seen to be extremely high due to cancer disease being widespread among other health issues that the indigenous people are facing in five major regions of the country today. Hence, it is high ti me that enough number of steps are taken to support the people and uplift their spirits towards life. Reference List AAP. (2016). Indigenous Cancer Stats Worse Than Thought. SBS News. AIHW Cancer Australia. (2013). Cancer in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples of Australia: An Overview. Australian Government: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer Australia. (2017). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cancer Statistics. Australian Government: Cancer Australia. Condon, J. R., Garvey, G., Whop, L. J., Valery, P. C., Thomas, D., Gruen, R. and Cunningham, J. (2013). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and Cancer. Cancer Forum. Vol. 37(1). Mackee, N. (2016). Lifestyle Cancers in Indigenous Australians on the Rise. MJA Insight. Miller, B. (2017). The Unspoken Illness: Cancer in Aboriginal Communities. ABC News.

Microeconomics Demand, Risk and Supply

Speculative demand is the command for monetary worldly goods that is not dictated by real dealings such as buying and selling, while speculative risk is the consequence in indecisive amount of put on or hammering. All speculative risks are made with intent and not out of unmanageable state of affairs.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Microeconomics: Demand, Risk and Supply specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is therefore understandable that when the Canadian dollar goes down the prices of oil’s raw products go down hence prices of processed fuel drop. This unprocessed product is crude oil. Canada being a small country as compared to the united states makes oil which is an international product priced in united states dollar, commonly truncated as (us$). When the prices of oil priced in the united states dollar goes up, oil companies in Canada receive more United States dollars (us$) and in view of the fact that many bills like paying human resources and paying taxes are catered for in Canadian dollar , United States dollar needs to be exchanged for Canadian dollars on foreign exchange markets. When they have many United States dollars, supply goes high and demand for Canadian dollars goes up. Producers of oil sell products in a global market using the United States dollar hence have to consider its future purchasing power. How it translates into goods and services back at home is their main interest. Calgary which was the biggest oil scuttle forward came to an end bringing down the fuel prices as low as us$100 per unit in New York reporting the hugest jump down in a period of two years. A lot of stock was carried away during the price increases period and many oil producers who were heavily stocked suffered great fatalities. According to McNeill, an independent resource analyst based in Toronto the investors were up unreasonably to the extensive ranging market along with being su sceptible. The death of Osama bin laden and impact of many commodity prices going up has made many big investors fear getting additional stockpile or any event being conducted from anywhere outer surface Canada. A number of market analysts are arguing that the passing away of Osama bin laden could bring many changes in to the world politics and risks in going down as a result. Redundancy levels in the United States have gone up demonstrating that its financial system is not stable. It should check its quantitative easing to motivate its national economy since it would be a result of ineffective monetary policy. QE (quantitative easing) is a line of attack of lowering the interest rates by increase in money supply and so decreasing the value of the United States dollar.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order for the gross domestic price (GPO) to go high, speculation an d utilization of resilient goods should be greater than before. According to a labor subdivision in the United States, the number of made redundant aid filled rose to four hundred and seventy four thousand from a mere forty three thousand. This equals to claims piled up for eight months. Apart from bad weather, demand is greatly affected by very high prices and a scrawny pecuniary system. In conclusion, a lot of depositors make speculative risks since some of them set very high prices on their merchandise in very deprived economies. Demand, risk and supply go together and a rise in one show the way to either an augment or diminish to the other. This term paper on Microeconomics: Demand, Risk and Supply was written and submitted by user Isaiah Hoover to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The relationship between Cathe essays

The relationship between Cathe essays The story of the love between Catherine and Heathcliff is the thing that is most remembered by the reader of Wuthering Heights. The feelings they share pervade the whole novel creating the action (Forster 132-133). The complexity of their feelings described by Emily Bront, makes their relationship quite ambiguous and, thus, it allows various critics to have different interpretations of their love. Among these elucidations, the most common seem to be idealizing, infantilizing, incestuous and universalizing (Levy 9). The relationship between Catherine and Heathcliff is sometimes idealized, which means that it is shown as being better than it really is. Such a vision of their relation seems to be confirmed by F. H. Langman who claims that characteristic features of the love between Catherine and Heathcliff, such as intensity, eternity and realism, make other relationships in the novel insignificant. In other words, the relationships shown by Emily Bront are perceived to be trivial when compared to the love of the two main protagonists, which is passionate and exeptional (75). No matter how ideal their love may be, both Catherine and Heathcliff cannot be described as ideal people. They are self-centered and ruthless, which is disapproved by Nelly as well as by the reader. However, they are not degraded in the eyes of the reader, since the passion of their love and the impossibility to be together partly excuse their vices. Yet only partly, because their behaviours should not be justified by all the unfavourable circumstances, as some of their deeds are of their own making. For instance, it is Catherines choice to marry the rich, good-looking and charming Edgar Linton, although her decision might have been imposed by the rules existing in the contemporary society. Her love to Heathcliff is the romantic kind of love, whose feature is the fact that it is never fulfilled and it is as well perceived as ideal (Hardy 3...

How to Help an Attention-Seeking Child in the Classroom

How to Help an Attention-Seeking Child in the Classroom Its not uncommon for children in the classroom to do things to get your attention. Too much attention-seeking can be disruptive, causing trouble and creating distractions. The attention-seeking child will often interrupt a lesson by blurting something out. Their desire for attention is almost insatiable, so much so that the child often doesnt seem to care whether the attention they receive is positive or negative. In many cases, it doesnt even seem to matter how much attention you give them. The more you give, the more they seek. Causes of Attention-Seeking Behavior The attention-seeking child is in need of more attention than most. They seem to have something to prove and dont take as much pride intrinsically as they do extrinsically. This child may not have a sense of belonging. They may also suffer from low self-esteem, in which case they will need some help building their confidence. Sometimes, the attention-seeker is simply immature. If this is the case, adhere to the interventions below and the child will eventually outgrow their craving for attention. Interventions As a teacher, it is important to remain calm in the classroom even in the face of frustration. The attention-seeking child will always present challenges, and you must deal with them in an even-handed way. Remember that your ultimate goal is to help the child become confident and independent. When a childs attention-seeking becomes disruptive, sit down with them and explain that you have a number of children to work with each day. Provide them with a period of time that is just for them. Even a two-minute period before or after recess (a period where you can devote your attention exclusively to them) can be very helpful. When the child begs for attention, remind them of their scheduled time. If you stick with this strategy, you will find that it can be quite effective.Promote intrinsic motivation by asking the child to describe what they like about their work or how they performed. This is a great way to encourage self-reflection and help the child build confidence.Always commend the child on their improvement.During the childs special time, take time to boost their confidence by offering some inspiring words.Provide the child with responsibilities and a leadership role from time to time.Never forget that all children need to know that you care about them and that they ca n contribute in a positive way. It took the child a long time to become an extreme seeker of attention. Be patient and understand that it will take some time for them to unlearn this behavior. Remember that students, especially young students, dont always know what appropriate behavior is. Take time to teach them about appropriate interactions, responses, anger management, and other social skills. Use role-play and drama to help students understand other peoples feelings and perspectives.When you notice bullying, take the students involved aside and ask the bully to apologize directly to the victim. Hold students accountable for their harmful behavior.Have a zero-tolerance policy in place that is well understood.As much as possible, recognize and reward positive behavior.

Corruption In The United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corruption In The United States - Essay Example Most obseThere are few things determining corruption in the United Sates. The economic approach to corruption in the US starts with the costs and benefits facing corrupt potential public offices. As put across, corruption is actually the use of public office or power for personal gains. In American, the most rampant determinant of corruption is the ability of a public official to increase someone’s private wealth by paying that person using money from the public purse. In extreme cases, this someone could be just the public official himself. Additionally, the other means by which public officials create wealth for themselves is through the transfer of government property to private persons for their own benefit (Williams and Kenneth 6-8). For instance, the transfer of government land to traction companies in the nineteenth century is a popular form of corruption. Furthermore, the other primary form of corruption is the creation of private wealth through manipulation of office power or enforcements of legal rulings in favor of personal gains. Some recent data collected from different states in the US reveal that the rising corporate agriculture to dominate the economies of rural and farm communities is one of the most devastating events of corruption in this country’s history. The data put across that, sixty years ago, there were over six million farms dotted across the landscape of America. Later, the number declined to only two million whereby the large numbers of these are small and medium-sized operations. sized operations. Surprisingly, the bulk of profits from corporate agriculture accrue to only a few hundred super farms. Few companies control most of these farms and there are increasing cases of vertical integration. These companies are flourishing and rural communities are suffering economically, socially, and environmentally due

Advertisements and Female Gender Stereotypes Research Paper

Advertisements and Female Gender Stereotypes - Research Paper Example In order to gain the attention of consumers, it is important to recognize what attracts the targeted group the most. However, regardless of such an important position provided to both genders, there is an increasing debate over the stereotypes used to portray these genders. Some researchers criticize media for humiliating, shameful and disgracing portrayal of women. Others believe that women are used media as sexual objects and this simply is immoral and unfair. On the other hand, people believe that media stereotypes women as caring, tolerant, understanding and loving creatures. They are portrayed as loving mothers, caring sisters, loyal workers and graceful wives. This paper would further explain how media portrays women and how successful it is in portraying those female gender stereotypes. During 1950s, the advertisements portrayed women as housewives who were much inclined towards cleaning, cooking and taking care of other family members. By that time, a few women worked and wer e discriminated as compared to the male counterparts. However, continuous efforts and feminist movements changed the history and women were finally welcomed in the professional field. This change should have caused a positive impact on advertisement by portraying women as loving, caring, sensitive and honest ladies who are able to manage their career but the reality was different.

Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide Essay Anatomy the study of the form or structure and arrangement of body parts and their relationships Physiology the study of the functions of the body parts or structures and their relationships in maintaining life processes. Levels of Structural Organization The human body consists of levels of structural organization that are associated with one another. There are six levels of structural organization: I. chemical level It is the simplest level and it includes all of the chemical substances essential for maintaining life. These substances are made up of atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Atoms combine to form molecules, which may be simple or complex. Different types of molecules combine to form or~anelles (little organs). Organelles are specific structures that carry out specific functions. 2. cellular level The cell is the basic unit of structure and function and of life. Cells vary in size, shape, and function and may contain many types of organelles. 3. tissue level Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a specific function. There are four major types of tissues in the human body: a. epithelial tissue It is found lining body cavities and covers the surface of the body. It functions in protection, secretion, and excretion. b. connective tissue It is found on the surfaces of and in organs and tissues and functions in protection, support, and attaching organs and tissues to each other and to the walls of body cavities. c. muscle tissue It functions in the movement of body parts and organs, and in the movement of substances throughout the body. There are three major types of muscle tissue: (1) skeletal muscle It is found attached to and covering bones and it functions in body movement. (2) cardiac muscle It is located in the heart wall and functions in the contraction and relaxation of the heart as it beats. (3) smooth muscle It is located in the walls of internal or visceral organs and it functions in moving substances throughout the body. d. nervous tissue It is located in the brain and spinal cord, and extends to various tissues and organs. It functions in transmitting electrical or nerve impulses from the external and internal environments to the brain and spinal cord where it is interpreted and a response occurs. 4. organ level Organs are groups of two or more types of tissue working together to perform a specific function. 5. organ system level ~ sTstems are groups of organs that work closely together to perform a common function. There are eleven organ systems in the human body: 6. organismal level It is the highest level of structural organization and it consists of groups of organ systems working together to maintain body structure and function. Organ systems work together to maintain an internal environment that is fairly constant, stable, or balanced. This is referred to as homeostasis (to stay the same). Changes do occur, but within very narrow ranges or limits. Homeostasis Body parts or structures function efficiently in maintaining metabolic processes and when the survival needs are within certain limits or optimum levels. The survival needs include: water, oxyqen, nutrients, an appropriate bod~ temperature, and atmospheric pressure. Water is necessary for chemical reactions, excretion, and secretion. Oxyqen is required for many of the metabolic reactions that break down nutrients and provide energy. Nutrients provide energy for cells and cell processes. Bod~ temperature must be maintained within a certain range for chemical reactions and cell processes to perform efficiently. If the body temperature falls too low or increases too high, chemical reactions will slow down or may stop. Atmospheric pressure is the force of air on the body surface by the weight of air. It is important in breathing and in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. To maintain homeostasis there are control mechanisms. Control mechanisms consist of three parts: i. receptor It responds to sensory stimuli from the internal and external environments. The information is sent along afferent pathways to the control center. 2. control center It consists of the brain and spinal cord which interpret and analyze the information and determine an appropriate response. Information is then sent along efferent pathways to the effector. 3. effector It consists of tissues, organs, or glands that perform a motor response to the original stimulus that was received by the receptor. The response involves a feedback mechanism. If the response slows down or inhibit~ the stimulus it is a neqative feedback mechanism. If the response speeds up or enhances the stimulus, it is a positive feedback mechanism. Most control mechanisms for homeostasis in the human body are negative feedback mechanisms.

Activity and Impact Training Essay -- essays research papers

I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ACTIVITY TRAINING TO IMPACT TRAINING A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training for Activity 1. The HRD dept. is held accountable for its activity, not for its results  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no formal output of results so managers are left to decide weather it is beneficial or not. 2. The HRD staff is held accountable for design and delivery of training programs.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In training for activity, trainers are held accountable for the number of programs they deliver or design.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  80% of their time is activity so there’s little time left to do needs assessment or research.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizations that operate with the training for activity approach are looked at being non-productive or not working if not present in the classroom. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skill Transfer from the classroom to the job is unknown or absent.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With an evaluation the skills and knowledge regarding the job cannot be determined.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HRD professionals using this method rarely consider strategies that would guarantee a high degree of skill transfer.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On-the-job application is viewed as the responsibility for providing the participant and his or her boss. The HRD dept. is responsible for providing the participants with skills and knowledge. (where little to no transfer occurs) 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a lack of clear alignment with business needs.  · A lot of the courses are out of date.  · Without a clear business need managers are sometimes reluctant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and against training programs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a lack of identified management responsibility for results.  · No one person or group of people has accepted accountability for ensuring that the skills taught will be used on the job. BUSINESS NEEDS FOR AN ALTERNATIVE TRAINING APPORACH One of the criticisms most commonly leveled and HRD professionals today is that they lack business savvy and do not speak the language of business. Business language requires HRD professionals to consider the return to the organization for dollars spend on training. Billions of dollars are spent on training and dev... ...in or lose from this effort. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While he client can involve others, someone in the client group must be in the chain of command of the learners. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The client receives all reports regarding the project. METHODS FOR IDENTIFY THUE CLIENTS DIRECT METHODS: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ask client to have all involved in project present. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ask about key individuals. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indicate concern at not including the necessary individuals in the meeting. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Listen carefully to names being mentioned. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Always ask questions for involvement. INDIRECT METHODS: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ask questions that will determine if your contact is reporting to someone else. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Encourage through a meeting that contact invite the client. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If your contact needs permission from someone else ask that they invite that person. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After each meeting write a memo summarizing all that took place as well as the outcomes. Send a copy to the client.

Emergence of a new nation In a multipolar world: Bangladesh Essay

Analysis of a long period (1947-1971) needed for the independence of Bangladesh is mainly depicted in this book. Analysis of why and how Bangladesh was emergent as a sovereign country in the world is also illustrated here. Number of both internal and external factor that led the liberation war of 1971 also plays a vital role in the analysis. The liberation war 1971 with its final achievements through the sacrifices has remained as a sacred and precious part in the history of Bangladesh. The nine month long a glorious war which was identified as a major land mark in the entire process of evaluation, analytical role of India, erstwhile Soviet Union, USA and China constitute the central content of the work. Internal developments stimulating the rise and consolidation of nationalism are analytically discussed. The focus however is on the international setting of Bangladesh in a relatively short time. The present revised and enlarged edition contains analysis of national and international developments since 1975,which was the cutoff point of this book when published in 1978.Three new chapters included in this enlarged edition dwell on Global, Regional and National changes and developments from 1975-2006.State building, Nation building and Parliamentary Democracy in Bangladesh and terrorism & national security. Read more: Essay About Liberation War of Bangladesh Chapter -1 It describes how the birth of a new state occurred in a polycentric world. The world of the nineteen seventies apparently multipolar can also be described as a ‘Pentarchy’ structure of two triangles in which five dominant power rules. The first triangle is Military, consisting of those states with dominant strength in arms, actual and potential, the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The second triangle consists of three leading powers in the world of economy and finances the United States, Western Europe and Japan. The triangles are asymmetrical and unstable for, while chinas Military power continues to rise, though slow and gradually, the economic position of the United Sates continues to decline relatively, if only proportionately, to those of Western Europe and Japan.The triangles are also complex and inter related. The Military triangle is composed of limited adversaries, whereas the economic triangle consists of limited alliances. The World System since the beginning of seventies has not only registered as marked integration of the cold war collisions but has also been featured by growing challenges to the competence and authority of nation state institutions. The challenges to the existing nation state institutions has been most strident in the so called Third world, where practically every government presides over a multi-ethnic,multi-linguistic and multi-cultural state. That Challenge was crowned with success in a spectacular fashion in the case of Bangladesh at the close of 1971 the caesarean birth of Bangladesh marked the success of the first armed separatist struggle in the post,1945 post-colonial third World. During 1953-1957 the United State was busily making collective security arrangements in an attempt to recruit ‘Allies’ for her confrontation with the communist camp. In south-east Asia the United State sponsor and encouraged the formation of SEATO (The South East Asian Treaty Organization) and CENTO (The Central Treaty Organization). The arrangement was originally viewed by the United States & Thailand as underpinning the inherently with Geneva agreement which recognized the communist-ruled North Vietnam. CENTO also began as a regional security grouping at the behest of Iraq and Britain, but the participation of those northern states of Asia sharing frontiers with the Soviet Union such as Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and the reinsurance, as it were, provided by the United Sates, made CENTO no less than SEATO, a US weapon against her Global adversary, Soviet Union. The birth of Bangladesh-the first state to be born in blood and fire in a polycentric world has been a unique case, as the following analysis shows. There is hypothesis that political factors, rather than economic, ethnic and cultural one, were catalyst of Bangladesh revolution. Chapter -2 From autonomy to secession 1. A brief history about the Muslim rules in India from the late 1200 century to 1957 is described here. Muslim separatism-British rule in India, in general ,was favorable to Hindus. In Bengal, the nineteenth century ,Bengali middle class with Calcutta as its economic, cultural and multi political Mecca, was a Hindu middle class.The Bengali muslim society, at this time, consisted of a thin aristocratic stratum, a small but gradually growing, English educated middle class and a vast, impoverished and illiterate peasantry. 2. Political history of mother tongue-from the beginning of the emergence of Pakistan that was cultural and linguistic discrimination between east and west Pakistan. The Awami Muslim League with other dissident political groups demanded the recognition of political and cultural rights of East Pakistan. When Pakistan tried to impose Urdu, a language as the only speech language of the country, the political parties of East Pakistan and several other organizations opposed these attempts through mass rallies, processions, meetings and demonstration during the period 1942-1952. A number of students lost their lives as a result of police firing on the procession. They became the first martyrs of Bengal for the cause of language, culture and autonomy. 3. Formation of united front government in 1954 and they demanded 21 points. Among other things the most important was full regional autonomy. 4. Proclaimed of martial law in 1958 – President Mirza proclaimed martial law in the country on 7th October’1958.On 27th October he himself was ousted by  General Ayub Khan, who proceeded to build a Unitarian, centralized, dictatorial system with the support and sanction of arm forces. Sheikh Mujib with his lieutenants came out openly in 1966, with their manifesto, called the 6th point program, which outlined a situation of maximum political, economic and administrative autonomy for East Bengal within a confederal Pakistan. 5. Politics under military resumes. 6. Civil world and secession from 25th March to Aug’1971. 7. Gaining of de-facto independence of Bangladesh.

Word and Book Passionate Declaration

Howard Zinns book passionate declaration, was very interesting in the first chapter American Ideology he talks about the end result of these instances was many if not all of these inferior people were killed. He also talks about how we favor the rich and neglect the poor and that it should be the other way around that life should be an entirely different way. That because of Reagan many issues came to be, Because of Reagan this country is the way it is!Although we live in a democratic country, The ideas of ethical behaviors that were formulated by our forefathers has condemned us to accept them as right. â€Å"Thus we grow up in a society where our choice of idea is limited and where certain ideas are dominant† which is very much true unless you have money your ideas will never be heard, it’s very rare where someone who is unwealthy is hear amongst millions. The only time you are really heard is where you die a tragic death. In chapter 2; Machiavellian Realism and U. S. Foreign Policy: Means and Ends.Howard zinn talks about, what kind of society we want? And how will we get it? â€Å" The instance of building more nuclear weapons when we already possess more than enough to destroy the world†¦ allowing the police to arrest any person on the street refusing to move on when ordered†¦ and consider how often a parent [usually a father] has said to a son or daughter: its good to have idealistic visions of a better world but your living in the real world, so act accordingly† This have all had an effect one or more times in my life.Some may refer to me as a hippie because I’m all about peace on this world or because I refuse to eat animals such as chickens, cows, goats anything with a heartbeat, but my beliefs are my beliefs. I do believe a world without weapons would be wonderful, a world where I don’t have to walk down the street and a cops going to stop me cause he believes I’m being somewhat â€Å"suspicious†. Of course I would love for this world to speak up and use our words rather that use our weapons or hands to harm one another.You ever see a person get called something and notice how one simple word such as â€Å"ugly† can completely set them off and just then you see this person react in a way that they use their words completely to prove a point on how, the specific word you called or used is in no way or fact them on how they spent all that time to prove one person wrong. I wish the world worked in words. I wish we didn’t have to tell our children that this is the world, so act accordingly. I was one of those children, whose father told them that, and my dreams were crushed instantly, I was 9.

Micro bio essays

Micro bio essays Does soap really help to kill bacteria and do bacteria live on everyday things we touch? Well, microorganisms live wherever conditions and the environment are suitable, from inside ones body to the floor we walk on. There are many different types of microorganisms, all different in their color and the way they grow. However they are able to live together in a mixed population, side by side. In this lab you will learn the importance and practice of aseptic techniques and the methods of culturing and growing bacteria. You will be able to observe and see why ever since you were little you were told to wash your hands after using the toilet and before eating; after this lab you will be thankful. Using the petri dish divided into fours, dirty ones hands and then touch section 2 being careful not to touch the control, section 1. Then swipe section 3 with water washed hands and then in section 4 with soap washed hands. Using the petri dish divided into fours swab the push button on the hand drier in the girls bathroom, then swab section 1. For section 2 swab the sink handle in the girls bathroom, for section 3 swab the toilet seat in the boys bathroom, and then for section 4 swab the urinal in the boys bathroom. I learned microorganisms can live in various places. However I found the class results inconclusive for the swabbing experiment. There were not clear results, for example in group 2 they found six colonies growing in the petri dish after swabbing the button on the hand drier in the boys bathroom, yet group 3 found none growing in the petri dish after swabbing the button on the hand drier in the girls bathroom. This could be due to many errors though when collecting the results, how the person swabbed, for how long, and what technique they used when swabbi ...

Aspects Of Adolescent Reproductive Health Health And Social Care Essay

Aspects Of Adolescent Reproductive Health Health And Social Care Essay Adolescent means â€Å"to grow to maturity† and is an important period in life span. Reproduction means â€Å"production of offspring â€Å". Health means â€Å"state of complete physical, mental, and social well being. After birth the child grows towards maturity and makes them a contributing member of the society. ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE SEXUAL ORGANS: The principal organs are ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and vagina. Female reproductive cycle includes both ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle. Female reproductive function begins with the development of â€Å"ova† in the ovaries. The oogonia (primitive germ cell) are dominant from fetal period and are transformed to mature oocyte at puberty. OVARIAN CYCLE OR MENSTRUAL CYCLE: A single ovum is expelled from an ovarian follicle in to the abdominal cavity in the middle (14th day) of each month (28 days) menstrual cycle this process of rupture of grafian follicle with release of the ovum is called ovulation. Thus the 12-18 days in a 28days cycle is called fertile period. This ovum is engulfed by fimbrae and is transported to a uterus by the fallopian tube. When fusion of sperm and ovum which develop in to fetus, thus menstruation stops. This process is called as fertilization. When the ovum is not fertilized then menstruation starts which is cyclical discharge of blood, mucus, unfertilized ovum, and torn endometrial from the uterus per vagina. PUBERTY: Puberty is the period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and capability of sexual reproduction is attained where boys attained manhood and girls attained womanhood. PUBERTY IN FEMALES: Girls begin there growth spurt between 9-13 yrs of age Increase in body fat Development of sexual character like pubic hair, and auxiliary hair appear. Development of breast tissue Rapid increase in height and weight begin to menstruate ASPECTS OF ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: Menstrual hygiene Te enage pregnancy Sex education and sexual behavior Sexually transmitted disease Contraceptive devices MENSTRUAL HYGIENE Menstrual hygiene refers to the hygiene during menstrual period. It includes use of clean pad changing of soaked pad proper disposal of used pad, perineal and personal hygiene with daily activities like diet, exercise, and rest. During menstruation Daily twice bathing is essential because to reduce body heat and fatigue. Washing the genital region daily with soap and water to prevent genital infection. The diet should consist of vegetables and fruits which gives nourishment and normal diet. During menstruation iron rich foods helps to maintain the hemoglobin level. Sanitary napkins can be used to observe the menstrual flow. Use sanitary napkins or use clean cotton cloth. If cloth is to be reused wash with soap dry in sunlight and preserve in with napthalin balls in plastic bags. Change the napkin three times a day and every 4-6hrs per day. Used napkins should not be reused because its very unhygienic and lead to reproductive tract infection. Used napkin should be burned immediately. When the blood stained napkin rub against the thigh the skin of the thigh gets sore and walking may become uncomfortable. So the thigh region should be kept dry.

Importance of Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Importance of Corporate governance - Essay Example However, different types of definitions are provided in various reports. A very simple definition can be found in the reports like South African King Report and Kingdom Cadbury Report. In these reports corporate governance is defined as a â€Å"system by which companies are directed and controlled† (du Plessis, et al, 2010). Clearer definitions began to come after two big companies namely Enron and HIH Insurance Ltd collapsed. In 2007, Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) released a proper definition where corporate governance is said to be a framework of rules, systems, processes and relationships by and within which authority is controlled and exercised in corporations (du Plessis, et al, 2010). With the rise of globalization an aspect that has come up as a significant issue is the convergence of corporate governance systems. This paper attempts to gain insight into this issue. It tries to find out whether the convergence of various governance systems is actually possible or not. In the process of doing that, the paper includes several important data that are collected from different books and previous research works. Not just facts, but a major portion of the paper is consisted of the analysis of these facts. Corporate Governance Before getting straight into the main subject i.e. ‘convergence of corporate governance systems’, one must have enough idea about the concept known as ‘corporate governance’. The introductory paragraph contains few definitions of the term, but they are needed to be further explained. According to Prasad, corporate governance is the relationship that has existence among various participants and that define the performance as well as the direction of corporate firms (Prasad, 2006). He believes that the main actors who play crucial role in corporate governance include the CEO, the shareholders and the board of directors. Beside them there are actors like employees, customers and suppliers who are also c apable of influencing the governance system in a particular organization (Prasad, 2006). There are number of essential elements that are associated with corporate governance. Seven of such elements which are mentioned in South African King Report (2002) are transparency, discipline, independence, responsibility, accountability, social responsibility and fairness. In 2003, ASX recognized important principles that are basis of good corporate governance (du Plessis, et al, 2010). Strong foundations for management’s roles, structure of the board that is capable of adding value, responsible and ethical decision making are some of these crucial principles that make the governance an effective one. Convergence of Corporate Governance Systems Over the past few years experts from both professional as well as academic world have been arguing whether the governance systems that are present across various nations should be converged or not. It is observed that there are different governa nce models that are in use in several countries. For instance, the outsider model has been followed mainly in US and United Kingdom. On other side, there is insider model which has been followed in other OECD countries like France, Germany and Australia. Another system namely, the family/state system is found in nation like Sweden (Nestor & Thompson, n.d.). Over the years global business environment has experienced significant changes. Changed situations

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Film - Essay Example The developers blend the diverse features of the film effectively thereby creating a cohesive film that communicates effectively through editing. City of God is an example of a film that portrays the power of editing among other film development techniques in creating films. Editing provides an effective way for the developers of the film to infuse diversity yet achieve a degree of both cohesion and coherence in the film as the discussion below portrays. Editing refers to the process of eliminating errors. However, the definition is broader in the development of films than it is in literature. In film development, editing does not only eliminate errors but also provides the developers of the film with an opportunity to add specific features that would enhance the connection of the various scenes thereby creating a cohesive and coherent plot capable of communicating specific themes. A number of scenes in the film are studio creations while others are shot on location. The fusion between the two creates perfect blend that tells a cohesive story, one that armatures cannot tell the differences in the locations. The director of the film employed professional editors who portray their editing genius as they add effects among other editing elements to achieve the cohesive film that communicates effectively. Editing plays an integral role in the creation of the film. Such features and elements as lighting, camera shots, camera angles, music and graphics among many others help add diversity in a film. In employing such, film developers must observe such basic concepts as balance and harmony in order to create a cohesive film. The same is the case in the film, City of God. While some scenes in the film were shot from locations, others are studio creations. Creating scenes in the studio requires appropriate editing techniques in order to balance the various features. In

Similarities and differences of Domestic Human Resources and Essay

Similarities and differences of Domestic Human Resources and Multinational Human Resource policies and practices - Essay Example y The third step would entail the differences between the two The fourth step would comprise of the evaluating assessment The final will provide a conclusion and sum up of overall report and the learning outcome from the entire work. Defining the two concepts: Prior to defining the two major types, it is important understanding and defining the generic manner and purpose for which human resource operations are undertaken. Human resource practices have been in voyage ever since there crept in a realization for the rights of workers and improving the overall working environment that would facilitate more benefits to the organization in terms of profits, customers’ relationship and employees well being (Ehnert, et al., 2013, 119). While each associates to handling and manoeuvring of the manpower and the resources at hand, the two differ with regard to their scope, applicability, resources, practices and outputs desired. These differences may come up in a tangible or intangible ma nner. Differences between the two modes of Human Resource Management practices: Tangible Differentiating factors: Apart from the scope of each, there are certain specific and tangible differences between the two kinds of human resource practices (Regis, 2008, 163). Multinational practices entail involvement of more than two partners. These partners are most across different set of region and geographical locality. Extent of cluster: The level of subsidiaries between the two icons differ in number with multinational resources involving more complex outlook and more extended subsidized pattern. Geographical consideration: The geographical consideration and factor is of value and distinction between the two forms, for multinational human resource practices, it is vital to understand and implement... Trainings are an essential component of the global Human resource management processes. Without it any mission is bound to fail based on the lack of experience and firsthand knowledge. Training allows equipping one’s self and mind towards the upcoming challenges, new scenarios, and new circumstance and this in turn, enables successful operations. Investing more in the training domain and providing training on all fronts ranging from technical to non and physical to psychological will help to save a lot of time and money that is otherwise spent on processes that may not yield any substantial output. It is the key and secret to the success of productive global HRM strategies and outcomes. All the major organizations that are operating at mass level across multiple countries and continents have training techniques and procedures in practice that allow the accomplishment of goals in the most desired manner.

Teaching and Learning Online: Reflection

Teaching and Learning Online: Reflection Teaching and Learning Online In this reflection, I will capture a few of my thoughts that have changed my views the most. Although there was far more that I reflected on in my learning journal, I will focus on the main topics that interest me to take forward into my teaching. I found the initial orientation between different tools confusing, as I had been using Blackboard for everything previously. Moving to Canvas was good as it has a friendlier feel, less institutional, more laidback, which helped in feeling freer to informally chat. This helped create a sense of community. The wiki was initially overwhelming, now, as there are all the course materials and assignments kept there, I see it as a fantastic repository of shared knowledge, I shall use this idea in the future on teacher training courses. I was tentative about the online sessions as I had previous negative experiences of these and wondered if it was ever possible for the technical aspects to be overcome as Schrum Hong (2002 b) say, minimizing technical difficulties is very important, I felt this myself and at the start of the course, this experience can lead to a feeling of foreboding about online sessions. After the first synchronous session, I bought a new web camera and contacted my ISP to check all my connections. This worked well for me, as I was able to join the next sessions, albeit tentatively, and the technical problems were fixed. This was a huge relief and meant that I could follow and participate in the sessions. The effect of this meant that where I was originally much more at home with an asynchronous environment, I now started to see the real benefits in synchronous sessions, not least the social, community building aspect. I think that the technical aspect of online learning must be given a lot of tho ught and any use of new tools must also include clear guidelines or help in how to use them. As I progressed through the course, I noted in my journal times when I felt that the literature and course activities were overlapping, which led to several mini epiphanies. For me, this lead to a deeper understanding of the subject as I was reading the theoretical background and acting it out at the same time. Schrum Hong (2002 a)’s recommendations was a paper I found very helpful. The way that it is set out forms an excellent framework for thinking about how to organize online courses and in looking through these at the end of the course, I was able to see that they were all part of the course. Vicarious learning was quite revelatory for me; it gave a name to something I had been aware of. This somehow made it a more acceptable way of being an online learner and made me reflect on the fact that all learners are different, and while participation is a key factor in learning online, students can participate in different ways. On the forum I noted that â€Å"I found the Sutton (2001) paper very interesting from the point of view of reflecting on my own learning in online environments. I think that it would be difficult to categorise myself as either a direct interactor or vicarious interactor, as I use both aspects to greater or lesser extents. I think that the context does influence which one I am at any given time.† I was not previously aware of this category, the vicarious interactor, and would have put it down to social anxiety or shyness. This has never really sat well with me before, as I am not especially shy or introverted in social situations, and do not feel intimidated by posting my own opinions online. However, I can see that I have many traits of the vicarious interactor. I like to observe and process direct interaction, often before interacting myself and I do learn from the actions of others. I find it useful to reflect on my learning style and I think that this also plays a big part in my teaching. This is especially true when I am involved in teacher training, I like to observe the actions of participants, and draw threads and ideas together. I think that this works well when cultivating a social learning environment. As stated by Garrison Cleveland-Innes (2010), interaction plays a central role in any educational experience, and online learning is no exception. I had previously noted in my journal that I felt that there were two types of online learning, one where the teacher taught a class online, through a tool such as Adobe Connect, that would be similar to a lecture, and one where the teacher used an LMS to provide learning materials and was fairly hands-off after that. I now started to think that the teacher needs to be more active in monitoring progress and reacting to emerging needs, and also to act as a facilitator to the social experience. The idea of flexible learning as proposed by White (2006) and Collis Moonen (2008) was something that resonated with me. I had previously noted in my journal that I thought that one of the key factors in online learning for me was good quality learning materials. While I still agree with this view, Collis and Moonen (2008) said that learning situations need to be flexible and adaptable and White (2006) talks of making sure that learners receive sustained attention. On reflection, I think that this is a large part of teaching online. In the classroom, students expect the teacher to give them attention and to provide personalized learning according to their needs. I had tried out a number of MOOCs and always gave up due to the sheer size of them. Many of the materials were excellent, but I just did not engage with the course. I realize that this was one of the factors in my failure. I found that the framework proposed by Collis Moonen (2008) of the before, during and after activities one that could be easily and effectively transferred to my teaching context. Many teachers in my organization lack technical know-how and appear unwilling to try out new ideas. This framework can quite easily be adapted as many teachers use a similar lesson framework for activities such as listening comprehensions. This could be an excellent way of getting teachers to start working on using online learning with their students, probably with an emphasis on a blended learning approach. Word count: 1,081 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ References Collis, B. Moonen, J. (2008) The Contributing Student, Computers in the Schools, 19:3-4, 207-220 Garrison, R. Cleveland-Innes, M. (2010) Facilitating Cognitive Presence in Online Learning: Interaction Is Not Enough, American Journal of Distance Education, 19:3, 133-148 Minocha, S. Roberts, D. (2008) Laying the Groundwork for Socialisation and Knowledge Construction within 3D Virtual Worlds, ALT-J, Research in Learning Technology, Vol. 16, No. 3, September 2008, 181–196 Moore, M.G. (1997) Theory of Transactional Distance, in Keegan, D., ed. Theoretical Principles of Distance Education (1997), Routledge, pp. 22-38. Schrum, L. Hong, S. (2002 a) Dimensions and Strategies for Online Success: Voices from Experience and Educators, JALN Volume 6, Issue 1 July 2002 Schrum, L. Hong, S. (2002 b) From the Field: Characteristics of Successful Tertiary Online Students and Strategies of Experienced Online Educators, Education and Information Technologies 7:1, 5–16, 2002 White, C. (2006) Contribution of Distance Education to the Development of Individual Learners, Distance Education, 26:2, 165-181 Sutton, L.A. (2001) The Principle of Vicarious Interaction in Computer-Mediated Communications, International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 7(3), 223-242 Electronic Submission Form – Version 1.0

The National Review Essay -- Magazine Conservative Essays

The National Review The National Review is a widely known classic conservative magazine. Founded in 1955 by William Buckley Jr., the magazine was the idea of William S. Schlamm, an Austrian Jewish immigrant. Buckley, a conservative, now serves as the chief editor for the magazine. The views expressed in the National Review generally follow the opinions of conservatives, who prefer current circumstances and only desire change in moderation. In the four consulted issues of the National Review evidence of its conservative nature can be found in the printed images, chief editor, section compiled by the editor, and articles published in the magazine. The political cartoons in the National Review provide evidence to the fact that it is a conservative magazine. A cartoon found in the July 23, 2001 issue displays a donkey about to be hit with a missile. The donkey, which symbolizes a Democrat, is saying, â€Å"Give me one good reason why I should support a missile defense system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (44). Unlike the conservative’s beliefs of having a strong military and high government spending to support the military, Democrats, generally known as having liberal views, believe in pacifism. Thus, this cartoon is showing the stupidity of Democrats not supporting government spending for military even though a missile is headed right for them. By denouncing liberals this cartoon gives proof that the magazine is conservative. Another image that provides proof that the magazine is conservative is an advertisement found in the November 5, 2001 issue of the National Review. In large bold print at the top of the advertisement the words â€Å"What’s Wrong with This Picture?† sit above a picture of four liberals speaking at college campuses. These lib... ...s believe that marriage is defined as a union between a man and a woman. This would be a drastic measure to ban same-sex marriages in the United States. Thus, both of the articles contribute evidence to the fact that the National Review is a strongly conservative magazine. The National Review, a widely known conservative magazine, does not hide its conservative nature. It openly ridicules Democrats (liberals), such as President Clinton, and widely praises Republicans (conservatives), such as former President Bush. Most of the articles in the magazine are written about subjects that have two clearly defined political positions, liberal and conservative. These articles, as well as the images found in the magazine, explicitly show that the magazine is strongly conservative. The National Review is one of the best examples of a classic conservative magazine.

Criticisms in “In the Penal Colony” Essay

The antediluvian apparatus and ancient legal system in Kafka’s â€Å"In the Penal Colony† describes the current state of humanity in the colonial era.   Through the use, along with the circumstances surrounding the machine, Kafka portrays slavery and colonialism in the world and the consequences of failing to abolish such ways. The people of the colony are represented by â€Å"the Soldier†, â€Å"the Officer†, â€Å"the Explorer†, â€Å"the Condemned man†, and â€Å"the Commandant†.   By giving them these names, Kafka has essentially dehumanized them much like those who have been condemned to working in penal colonies; they only have functions, not names.   The harsh bureaucratic ways of the colony can be seen through the punishments handed out as told by the Officer who is: much more interested in the technicalities of the execution than the niceties of legal procedure. The actual execution is to be carried out by a complex apparatus designed by the former Commandant of the penal colony and maintained by the Officer. The machine tortures the condemned man in a process that brutally mimics and transforms the sexual act. The condemned man is strapped naked onto something akin to a bed and the top part of the apparatus, a set of knife-like needles, automatically descends, piercing his body and excreting a fluid that inscribes the sentence upon his flesh. For the first six hours of the writing process, the condemned man â€Å"suffers only pain† (149) but as the needles pierce his internal organs more deeply, he achieves a form of enlightenment that culminates in death. (Kohn 5) The way in which the punishment is filtered through the legal system of the penal colony is also rather questionable.   The Officer says, â€Å"I have been appointed judge in this penal colony†(145) and uses his principle of: Guilt is never to be doubted.   Other courts cannot follow that principle, for they consist of several opinions and have higher courts to scrutinize them.   That is not the case here, or at least, it was not the case in the former Commandant’s time.†(145) to rule over his judgments.   For the condemned man, he has no chance to defend himself and prove his innocence by virtue of the system in place.   They are always going to be found guilty for the sake of being guilty so they can have an execution take place and bring some kind of grotesque excitement where, â€Å"hundreds of spectators—all of them standing on tiptoe†(153) could bear witness to them. Aside from the archaic methods of criminal procedures, Kafka also presents the reliance on antiquated technology through this work in the presentation of execution machine to portray the costs associated with running a penal colony for slave labor during his time.   We first get a glimpse of the harsh realities of the machine and the cost to upkeep it when the soldier breaks the wrist strap and the Officer says, â€Å"This is a very complex machine, it can’t be helped that things are breaking or giving way here and there; but one must not thereby allow oneself to be diverted in one’s general judgment†(151).   He continues saying: the resources for maintaining the machine are now very much reduced.   Under the former Commandant I had free access to a sum of money set aside entirely for this purpose.   There was a store, too, in which spare parts were kept for repairs of all kinds. (151)†¦Now he has taken charge of the machine money himself, and if I send for a new strap they ask for the broken old strap as evidence, and the new strap takes ten days to appear and then is of shoddy material and not much good. (151) There was an entire store dedicated solely to maintaining the machine it much like penal colonies were such a hindrance on the economies of the nations that controlled and maintained them. As the story progresses, we can see how the ways of the penal colony are being phased out when we hear the Officer tell the Explorer: there’s no time to lose, an attack of some kind is impending on my function as judge; conferences are already being held in the Commandant’s office from which I am excluded; even your coming here today seems to me a significant move; they are cowards and use you as a screen, you, a stranger.(153) The Officer views the Explorer with a great deal of clout believing he can restore the penal colony to the greatness that it once enjoyed.   However, the Explorer knows the harsh realities of the colony and refuses to play along with Officer to help him bring the colony back to its previous state.   Instead we see the Explorer as, â€Å"a kind of outsider,†(157) a change in attitudes throughout the world looking in on the colony.   The Officer finally realizes that the Explorer is not there to help him restore what once was, and he submits himself to his own machine.   As the machine is inscribing ‘be just’ into his body, it fails due to its complex nature and failing state, much like the failing state of the colony, and kills him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through close readings of â€Å"In the Penal Colony,† we gain an insight as to what Kafka was trying to accomplish with this work.   His nation, Germany, as well as many others in the world at the time had undertaken colonialism and establishing penal colonies to better their nations.   However, Kafka illustrates the failing nature of these establishments through their rudimentary justice systems and monetary reliance on the host nations economies.   Instead of bettering society through what was being provided by the slave labor, the social order of the world was being torn apart keeping them afloat. Works Cited Kohn, Margaret. â€Å"Kafka’s Critique of Colonialism.† Theory & Event. 8.3 (2005): 5. Print.

Dickens’ books Essay

As his name implies, Pip’s progress through Great Expectations is also one of growth, especially in regards to morality. Yet he too does not evolve without attaining scars. His burns, for instance, after ‘saving Miss Havisham from the fire that engulfs her dress can at once seen as a consequence of a noble action, but also a result of a desire to punish a world that has mistreated him. He professes to Miss Havisham from a newly acquired self-knowing level that he could never be bitter with her, and we could easily believe that he has learnt how to perceive others with an understanding eye. However, one must not forget that the ignorance his life has been clouded in may also have embittered him, and rightly so. As a result the fire could at once be seen as Pip’s repressed want or desire for revenge – for vengeance. As he struggles with her on the floor we perceive that these are not the actions of a man who has a refined heart, but a man who has repressed disappointment and pain. He holds her down ‘like a prisoner, who might escape’ and even looses consciousness of who she is or what he is doing. Throughout the novel Pip has to work through this suppressed unconscious, and is never magically delivered to a higher state of morality or refined sentiment. As a child he laments that he had had ‘no intercourse with the world’ and was ‘quite [the] untaught genius’ that had to make ‘the discovery of the line of action for himself’. High morality and refined sentiment are not flat character traits held only by perfect people. They are difficult to attain, and more importantly to abide by, and what makes Pip an exceptional character is that he is not infallible. As a result one must pay attention to the narrator, described as Dickens’ most ‘complex and subtle’16, who is still very much haunted by his past that has helped mould and destroy him. He almost attempts to see himself in a better light that he probably was when he was younger. In fact the ‘profoundest irony of the novel is not reached until the reader realises he must see Pip in a much harsher moral perspective than Pip ever saw himself’.17 As one must remember the episode when Magwitch took the blame for stealing the food – Pip avoids telling the truth. The narrator hopes that this avoidance ‘had some dregs of good at the bottom of it’, thus the child’s motivations are clouded by the older, wiser, almost shamed narrator’s desires to fill the younger Pip’s moral lapses. The latter is certainly not innocent, and is always battling with that ‘inner self [that] was not easily composed’, and such a battle that signifies that he was not born with goodness, is difficult for the narrator to acknowledge. The reader feels pity for Pip but in the same breath Pip abandons the reader as quickly as he abandons Joe. When removing your own sentimental romantising of the youngster, the reading of his character shifts. The narrator is guilty of, if only to a minor degree, manipulating his harsh social relations, ignorance and want to make him look the greater victim. In fact the idea that the older Mr Pip has anymore quietened that inner self, are continually thrown into dispute. He still complains, even when Herbert and Clara had actually opened their arms to him, and allowed him to live with them, that it ‘must not [be left] to be supposed that we were ever a great house, or that we made mints of money. We were not in a grand way of business, but we had a good name, and worked for our profits, and did very well’. He still cannot recognise and respond to the good grace of others. He suggests that what his life has become is a mere second best to what it could have been. That he still secretly hankers for those ‘mints of money’ is regrettably clear. What he appears to be saying is that he merely exists, not living. In many ways Pip is the antithesis of a hero – an anti-hero. He never really reaches high morality or refined sentiment, despite his progress towards them. As a result Great Expectations tears the reader away from the optimism, and that ‘miserable fallacy’ of Dickens’ earlier novels, particularly as the hero can still agonizingly be ignorant of the true value of things. This pull away from optimism however produces realism in Pip. He embodies all the taboo complications of a true person, and as Chesterton argues this includes the, albeit natural human desire to do what is wrong.18 He causes Trabb’s boy to loose his job, and Orlick, and hurts, however unintentionally Biddy and Joe. He is constantly repressing emotions, which ultimately re-emerge as haunting images, such Miss Havisham hanging in the barn, leaving him ‘shuddering from head to foot’. However, in many ways Dickens avoids confronting Pip’s darker side by projecting it onto an outside character- Orlick. The repressed anger within Pip is allowed an outlet in the actions of this stock-villain. For instance he is responsible for the injuring and eventual death of Mrs Joe, which is after-all no great loss to Pip who has more than once suffered under the ‘Tickler’. As a result Orlick plays out the moral lessons or moral consequences that Pip never has to undergo. Orlick suffers the rebuke of Biddy, one wonders whether it should not have been Pip, and he suffers in a fight with Joe, and again should this have not been with Pip? When lured to the limekiln, Orlick poignantly blames Pip for the felling of Mrs Joe. ‘You done it; now you pays for it’, he exclaims, almost as if he realises that he is playing the part of scapegoat, carrying out the many actions that Pip more than likely has fantasised about himself. Pip can at least play the role of victim, as long as there are characters such as Orlick who are willing to take his mirror image role as avenger. Great Expectations is one of the most colourful and at the same time painful novels ever written, ultimately a ‘grotesque tragic-comic experience’.19 It draws of a wealth of characters, yet the considerable thing about the novel is that unlike his earlier work, Dickens does not admit any miraculous transformations at the end. There is no suggestion that anyone has survived their past completely unscathed, from Pip’s burns, to the washing of Mr Jagger’s hands, and no-one is given the privileged place of being magically delivered into the heaven of ‘high morality’ and ‘refined sentiment’. The defining of goodness, ultimately high morality and refined sentiment, has come a long way since Dickens earlier novels. It is a novel in which he is no longer ‘willing or able to make the straight satiric indictment which governs†¦morality’. As a result many of his characters are a tragic mixture, and as Sadrin suggested it is the ‘Dickens myth’ raised to the surface, laid upon the table, dissected and criticised’.21 Despite the Oliver Twist beginning, we meet numerous characters who engage in a series of ontological struggles – Wemmick being the only character to have avoided such by adopting ‘Walworth sentiments’ that exist in an entirely personal world where the self can never forget who they really are. For the reader nevertheless, as well as many for many of the characters, of ‘all [Dickens’] books [that] might be called Great Expectations [and where that ‘miserable fallacy’ was mostly likely to lurk]†¦the only book†¦he gave the name†¦was the only book in which the expectation was never realised’22